Grammar
文法まとめ
英検2級で出題される文法事項を体系的に整理。関係詞・仮定法・不定詞・分詞・助動詞・比較表現を例文で解説します。
関係詞
関係代名詞の選び方
- who(主格): 先行詞が人 → The man who lives next door is kind.
- whom(目的格): 先行詞が人・目的語として → The teacher whom I respect retired last year.
- which(主格・目的格): 先行詞が物・動物 → The book which is on the table is mine.
- that(主格・目的格): who/which の代わりに使えるが、非制限用法(カンマ付き)では使えない
- whose(所有格): 先行詞が人・物 → I know a student whose father is a doctor.
制限用法 vs. 非制限用法(カンマ付き)
- 制限用法: The woman who called me is my sister.(どの女性かを特定)
- 非制限用法: My sister, who lives in Tokyo, called me.(補足情報・カンマが必要)
- 非制限用法では that は使えない(which または who を使う)
関係副詞の用法
- where(場所): This is the city where I was born. = the city in which I was born.
- when(時): I remember the day when we first met. = the day on which we first met.
- why(理由): I don't know the reason why she left. = the reason for which she left.
- how(方法): This is how he solved the problem.(the way how とは言わない)
仮定法
仮定法過去(現在の事実に反する仮定)
If S + 過去形〜, S would[could/might] + 動詞原形〜.
- If I had more time, I would travel around the world.(今時間があれば…)
- If I were you, I would study harder.(be動詞は were が正式)
仮定法過去完了(過去の事実に反する仮定)
If S + had + 過去分詞〜, S would[could/might] + have + 過去分詞〜.
- If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.(あのとき勉強していれば…)
I wish 構文
- I wish S + 過去形〜(現在の事実に反する願望): I wish I could fly.(空を飛べたらなあ)
- I wish S + had + 過去分詞〜(過去の事実に反する願望): I wish I had been more careful.(もっと注意深くあればよかった)
不定詞・動名詞
to不定詞の3用法
- 名詞的用法(〜すること): To learn a new language is challenging.
- 形容詞的用法(〜するための・〜すべき): I have a lot of work to do today.
- 副詞的用法(〜するために・〜して): She studied hard to pass the exam.
動名詞のみをとる動詞(MEGFAPS)
- Mind / Enjoy / Give up / Finish / Avoid / Practice / Stop
- 例: I enjoy reading novels. / She gave up smoking.
to不定詞のみをとる動詞
- want / wish / hope / decide / plan / promise / refuse / agree / manage
- 例: She decided to study abroad. / He refused to answer.
意味が変わる動詞(remember / forget / try / stop)
- remember to do(〜することを覚えている)vs. remember doing(〜したことを覚えている)
- forget to do(〜し忘れる)vs. forget doing(〜したことを忘れる)
- try to do(〜しようとする)vs. try doing(試しに〜してみる)
- stop to do(〜するために立ち止まる)vs. stop doing(〜するのをやめる)
分詞・分詞構文
分詞の形容詞的用法
- 現在分詞(〜ing): 能動・進行の意味 → the sleeping baby / a running dog
- 過去分詞(〜ed/不規則): 受動・完了の意味 → a broken window / spoken English
- 後置修飾: The girl wearing a red dress is my sister.
分詞構文(副詞的用法)
- 接続詞節を分詞で置き換えたもの → 時・理由・条件・付帯状況を表す
- Finishing her homework, she went to bed.(= After she finished)
- Not knowing his address, I couldn't write to him.(否定は Not を前に)
- 独立分詞構文: Weather permitting, we'll have a picnic.(主語が異なる)
助動詞
| 助動詞 | 主な意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| should | 〜すべきだ(義務・忠告)/ 〜のはずだ(推量) | You should see a doctor. |
| must | 〜しなければならない(強い義務)/ 〜に違いない(強い推量) | This must be the right answer. |
| ought to | 〜すべきだ(should より道徳的ニュアンス) | You ought to apologize to her. |
| would | 〜でしょう(仮定法)/ 〜したものだった(過去の習慣)/ 〜していただけますか(丁寧な依頼) | Would you help me with this? |
| could | 〜できた(過去の能力)/ 〜かもしれない(弱い可能性)/ 〜できましょうか(丁寧な依頼) | Could you please say that again? |
| might | 〜かもしれない(may より弱い可能性) | It might rain this afternoon. |
should have + 過去分詞(過去への後悔・批判)
- You should have called me earlier.(もっと早く電話すべきだったのに)
- She must have been tired.(彼女は疲れていたに違いない → 過去の強い推量)
- He can't have done that.(彼がそんなことをしたはずがない → 過去の強い否定推量)
接続詞・副詞
逆接・対比
- though / although(〜だけれども): Although it was raining, we went out.
- while(〜の一方で・対比): While Tom likes sports, his brother prefers music.
- however(しかしながら・副詞): It was expensive. However, I bought it.
原因・結果・追加
- because(〜なので・従属接続詞): I stayed home because I was sick.
- therefore(したがって・副詞): It was raining. Therefore, the game was canceled.
- moreover / furthermore(さらに・それに加えて): 英作文の本論展開で多用
- unless(〜でない限り): Unless you study, you won't pass. = If you don't study, you won't pass.
比較表現
同等比較・比較級・最上級の基本
- as + 形容詞 + as: She is as tall as her brother.
- 比較級 + than: This book is more interesting than that one.
- the + 最上級 + in[of]: Mt. Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan.
重要な比較構文
- 倍数表現: This room is twice as large as that one.
- the + 比較級, the + 比較級: The harder you study, the better your results will be.
- 比較級 + and + 比較級: The population is growing larger and larger.
- 比較級強調: This is much[far/even/a lot] better than I expected.
- no more than / not more than: no more than(〜にすぎない)vs. not more than(多くても〜)
受動態
時制別の受動態の形
- 現在形: The window is broken every day.
- 過去形: The window was broken yesterday.
- 現在完了: The window has been broken.
- 過去進行形: The road was being repaired at that time.
- 助動詞 + 受動態: This problem must be solved immediately.
by 以外の前置詞を使う受動態表現
- be interested in: I am interested in science.
- be surprised at: She was surprised at the news.
- be satisfied with: He was satisfied with the result.
- be known to: This painting is known to many people. ※ "be known for"(〜で有名)とも区別する
- be made of(材料が形状を保つ): This table is made of wood.
- be made from(材料が変化して別の物に): Wine is made from grapes.
SVOO の受動態(2通りある)
- 能動態: He gave me a book. → He gave a book to me.
- 受動態①: I was given a book by him.(間接目的語を主語に)
- 受動態②: A book was given to me by him.(直接目的語を主語に)
SVOC の受動態
- 能動態: They elected him president.
- 受動態: He was elected president.(補語 president はそのまま残る)
- 能動態: They call her "the Iron Lady".
- 受動態: She is called "the Iron Lady".
完了形
現在完了(have + 過去分詞)の4用法
- 経験(〜したことがある): I have visited Paris twice.
- 継続(ずっと〜している): She has lived in Tokyo for ten years.
- 完了(〜したところだ・〜し終えた): He has just finished his homework.
- 結果(〜した結果、今〜の状態だ): I have lost my key.(なくした結果、今ない)
現在完了進行形(have been + -ing)
- 動作が過去から現在まで継続していることを強調する
- I have been waiting for two hours.(2時間ずっと待っている)
- It has been raining since this morning.(今朝からずっと雨が降っている)
過去完了(had + 過去分詞)
- 過去の基準点よりさらに前の出来事(「大過去」)を表す
- When I arrived, the movie had already started.(着いたとき、すでに始まっていた)
- She was tired because she had not slept well.(よく眠れていなかったので疲れていた)
完了形でよく使う副詞・前置詞
- for(期間): I have studied English for three years.
- since(時点): She has lived here since 2020.
- already(完了・肯定文): He has already left.
- yet(完了・否定文・疑問文): Have you finished yet? / I haven't finished yet.
- just(完了・直前): I have just arrived.
- ever(経験・疑問文): Have you ever tried sushi?
- never(経験・否定): I have never been to Europe.
- recently(最近): Scientists have recently discovered a new species.
知覚動詞・使役動詞
知覚動詞(see / hear / feel / watch)の構文
- 知覚動詞 + O + 動詞原形(動作の全体を見る・聞く): I saw him enter the room.(部屋に入るのを見た)
- 知覚動詞 + O + -ing(動作の途中を見る・聞く): I saw him entering the room.(部屋に入りかけているのを見た)
- I heard her sing a song. / I heard her singing a song.
使役動詞の構文とニュアンスの違い
- make O do(強制・余儀なく〜させる): The teacher made the students redo their work.
- let O do(許可・〜することを認める): My parents let me stay up late on weekends.
- have O do(依頼・段取りして〜してもらう): I had the mechanic check my car.
- get O to do(説得・頼んで〜させる): She got her son to clean his room.(to が必要)
使役動詞の受動態に注意
- make の受動態では to が復活する
- 能動態: They made him clean the room.
- 受動態: He was made to clean the room.
- ※ let の受動態は通常 be allowed to do を使う(be let to do は稀)
強調構文・倒置
It is ... that 〜 強調構文
- 文の特定の要素(主語・目的語・副詞句)を強調する構文
- It was John that broke the window.(窓を割ったのはジョンだ)← 主語を強調
- It was the window that John broke.(ジョンが割ったのは窓だ)← 目的語を強調
- It was yesterday that John broke the window.(ジョンが窓を割ったのは昨日だ)← 時を強調
- 強調するのが人なら that の代わりに who も使える
否定語句による倒置
- Never / Not / Hardly / Seldom などの否定語句が文頭に来ると疑問文語順(倒置)になる
- Never have I seen such a beautiful view.(こんなに美しい景色を見たことがない)
- Not until then did I understand the importance of friendship.(そのときになって初めて友情の大切さがわかった)
- Hardly had she arrived when the phone rang.(着くかどうかのうちに電話が鳴った)
only + 副詞節による倒置
- Only when / Only after / Only by + 副詞節[句]が文頭に来ると主節は倒置になる
- Only when I was older did I understand what my parents had taught me.(年を重ねて初めて親の教えがわかった)
- Only by working hard can you achieve your goals.(一生懸命働くことによってのみ目標を達成できる)